Black-and-white film developing: chemistry and push/pull
Traditional black-and-white film is developed, fixed, washed and dried before its negatives can be scanned or printed. Development time and dilution depend on the exact film, developer, temperature and method. There is no universal recipe for all black-and-white films.
Updated 5 October 2026 · Analog Film Lab by Foto Americaine
Which developer do we use?
At Analog Film Lab, regular black-and-white film is processed in a Noritsu V30 converted for black-and-white, using ILFOTEC DD. Push and pull processing are available by arrangement. Rodinal and Kodak HC-110 are also available for requested manual processing. Additional charges and a different turnaround may apply; discuss this before dropping off film.
What do you need for home processing?
Use a developing tank with a suitable reel, measuring jugs, thermometer, timer, film developer, stop bath or the specified intermediate step, fixer and clean wash water. Read the product instructions for dilution, capacity and protection when handling chemistry.
The basic steps
- Load: load ordinary panchromatic black-and-white film in complete darkness. A red darkroom safelight is not safe for this. Close the tank light-tight.
- Develop: follow manufacturer data for the exact film, developer, dilution and temperature.
- Stop and fix: use the specified baths and times. Do not open the tank until the film has been sufficiently fixed.
- Wash and dry: follow the washing instructions and dry in a low-dust area without touching the wet emulsion.
What are push and pull processing?
Push uses adjusted development, usually longer, often after exposure at a higher chosen ISO setting. Pull usually uses shorter development, often after additional exposure. This changes contrast and tonal rendering. Pushing cannot recover shadow detail that was never recorded. Tell the lab your exposure index and requested treatment for each roll.
Why are photographs dark or grainy?
A scan alone does not always identify the cause. Underexposure, low light, film choice, processing and scan settings may all contribute. Examine the negative too and record camera settings. Contact the lab about unexpected results before assuming the chemistry was wrong.
Frequently asked questions
Does every black-and-white film need black-and-white chemistry?
No. ILFORD XP2 SUPER is a chromogenic black-and-white film designed for C-41. Always check the process on the packaging.
Can I use a time from any development chart?
Use data matching the exact film, chemistry, dilution, temperature and agitation method. Times for a different combination are not directly interchangeable.
ILFORD: Beginners Guide to Processing Film · ILFORD XP2 SUPER
Related guides
- C-41 film developing: process, chemistry and E-6 differences
- Getting film developed: drop-off, shipping and storage
View film developing, scan options and current prices · Ask our lab for advice